Yu, Jialin; Cristea, Alexandra I; Harit, Anoushka; Sun, Zhongtian; Aduragba, Olanrewaju Tahir; Shi, Lei; Moubayed, Noura Al; (2023) Language as a latent sequence: Deep latent variable models for semi-supervised paraphrase generation. AI Open , 4 pp. 19-32. 10.1016/j.aiopen.2023.05.001.

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Abstract

This paper explores deep latent variable models for semi-supervised paraphrase generation, where the missing target pair for unlabelled data is modelled as a latent paraphrase sequence. We present a novel unsupervised model named variational sequence auto-encoding reconstruction (VSAR), which performs latent sequence inference given an observed text. To leverage information from text pairs, we additionally introduce a novel supervised model we call dual directional learning (DDL), which is designed to integrate with our proposed VSAR model. Combining VSAR with DDL (DDL+VSAR) enables us to conduct semi-supervised learning. Still, the combined model suffers from a cold-start problem. To further combat this issue, we propose an improved weight initialisation solution, leading to a novel two-stage training scheme we call knowledge-reinforced-learning (KRL). Our empirical evaluations suggest that the combined model yields competitive performance against the state-of-the-art supervised baselines on complete data. Furthermore, in scenarios where only a fraction of the labelled pairs are available, our combined model consistently outperforms the strong supervised model baseline (DDL) by a significant margin ( ; Wilcoxon test). Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/jialin-yu/latent-sequence-paraphrase.

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