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Induced resistance protects plants against a wide spectrum of
diseases; however, it can also entail costs due to the allocation of
resources or toxicity of defensive products. The cellular defense
responses involved in induced resistance are either activated
directly or primed for augmented expression upon pathogen
attack. Priming for defense may combine the advantages of enhanced
disease protection and low costs. In this study, we have
compared the costs and benefits of priming to those of induced
direct defense in Arabidopsis. In the absence of pathogen infection,
chemical priming by low doses of ß-aminobutyric acid caused
minor reductions in relative growth rate and had no effect on seed
production, whereas induction of direct defense by high doses of
ß-aminobutyric acid or benzothiadiazole strongly affected both
fitness parameters. These costs were defense-related, because the
salicylic acid-insensitive defense mutant npr1-1 remained unaffected
by these treatments. Furthermore, the constitutive priming
mutant edr1-1 displayed only slightly lower levels of fitness than
wild-type plants and performed considerably better than the
constitutively activated defense mutant cpr1-1. Hence, priming
involves less fitness costs than induced direct defense. Upon
infection by Pseudomonas syringae or Hyaloperonospora parasitica,
priming conferred levels of disease protection that almost
equaled the protection in benzothiadiazole-treated wild-type
plants and cpr1 plants. Under these conditions, primed plants
displayed significantly higher levels of fitness than noninduced
plants and plants expressing chemically or cpr1-induced direct
defense. Collectively, our results indicate that the benefits of
priming-mediated resistance outweigh the costs in environments
in which disease occurs
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