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Virtual Models Linked with Physical Components in Construction

Abstract

Anvendelsen af virtuelle modeller understøtter en fundamental ændring af gængs praksis i byggeriet. Det ændrer den primære informationsbærer (tegninger) fra at være simple manuelt udarbejdede afbildninger til at være visuelt realistiske digitale repræsentationer, som afspejler bygningen og dens omgivelsers opførsel og egenskaber. Det er i dag muligt og fornuftigt i praksis at udarbejde komplette virtuelle modeller af bygninger eller anlæg inden de udføres i virkeligheden. Førende arkitekter, ingeniører og entreprenører drager allerede nytte af det i dag, og skaber virtuelle modeller som detaljeret beskriver performance af den færdige bygning og dens opførelsesproces. Det fulde potentiale af de virtuelle modeller er imidlertid endnu ikke udnyttet. En måde at få flere fordele ved anvendelse af modellerne er ved digitalt at linke dem med de fysiske komponenter, der indgår i byggeprocessen og derved forbedre informationshåndteringen. Mulighederne for at etablere et sådant digitalt link mellem de virtuelle modeller og de fysiske komponenter i byggeriet er undersøgt i dette Ph.d.-projekt. Det er gjort ved at integrere viden om bygningsteknik, softwareudvikling og forretningsudvikling i en iterativ og brugerorienteret systemudviklingsproces. I denne afhandling beskrives i analysen af fremtidige forretningsmuligheder en række nye arbejdsprocesser, der kan være medvirkende til at løse nogle af de største udfordringer inden for byggebranchen. Tre af de mest lovende af disse forretningsmuligheder blev udvalgt til den videre systemanalyse, -udvikling og -evaluering. Dette omfatter kombinationen af virtuelle modeller med automatisk objektidentifikation ved hjælp af radio frequency identification (RFID) i 1) kvalitetssikring af bygninger under opførelse, i 2) styring af projekters fremdrift samt i 3) drift og vedligeholdelse. Eksperimenter og implementering i aktuelle projekter viste, at mobilteknologi og passiv RFID teknologi er klar til anvendelse og en egnet samt praktisk implementerbar måde at etablere digitale links på i byggeriet. Blandt andet demonstreres det i denne afhandling hvordan det digitale link kan udnyttes i forbindelse med dokumentationen af kvaliteten af det udførte arbejde, realtidsopdatering af produktionsstatus i de virtuelle modeller og inspektion af bygningers vedligeholdelsestilstand. Prototypeudviklingen og implementeringerne viste også, at en del mere udviklingsarbejde kræves før potentialet kan realiseres i form af forbedret kvalitet, omkostninger og pålidelighed af byggeprojekter, hvor teknologien indføres. De største barrierer blev identificeret i relation til arbejdskulturer, ændring af gængs byggebranchepraksis og udvikling af nye ontologier. Baseret på erfaringer opnået gennem dette Ph.d.-projekt vil vigtige fremtidige udfordringer også være at synliggøre fordelene ved at anvende moderne informations- og kommunikationsteknologi i byggebranchen og kommunikere dette til alle interessenter. Som det argumenteres i afhandlingen er det nødvendigt at fremtidige praktiske implementeringer drives af stærkt lederskab og en sund metodisk tilgang til at forandre gængs praksis.The use of virtual models supports a fundamental change in the working practice of the construction industry. It changes the primary information carrier (drawings) from simple manually created depictions of the building under construction to visually realistic digital representations that also reflect the behaviour and properties of the building and its surroundings. Today it is practicable and sensible to create complete virtual models of buildings or infrastructures before they are created in real life. Leading architects, engineers and contractors already benefit from it today and create virtual models that thoroughly mirror the performance of the final facility and its construction process.However, the potential of the virtual models in construction has not yet been fully utilised. One way to take more advantage of the virtual models is by digitally linking them with the physical components in the construction process and thereby improving the information handling. The present PhD project has examined the potential of establishing such a digital link between virtual models and physical components in construction. This is done by integrating knowledge of civil engineering, software engineering and business development in an iterative and user needs centred system development process.The analysis of future business perspectives presents an extensive number of new working processes that can assist in solving major challenges in the construction industry. Three of the most promising of these business perspectives were selected for further investigation through system analysis, development and evaluation. They include combining virtual models with automatic object identification by means of radio frequency identification (RFID) in 1) quality management of buildings under construction, in 2) project progress management, and 3) in operation and maintenance.Experiments and implementations in real life projects showed that mobile technology and passive RFID technology delineate an efficient and practically implementable ways to establish the digital links in construction and are ready for use. Among other things it is demonstrated how the digital link can be used with advantage for documentation of the quality of accomplished work, real-time update of production status in the virtual models, and on-site inspection work in facility management.The prototype developments and implementations also showed that a lot of development work is still required before the full potential can be realised in form of improved quality, cost and reliability of the construction projects where the technology is adapted. The major barriers identified were related to the working culture, changing industry practices and development of new ontologies. Based on the experiences gained in this PhD project, some of the important future challenges are also to show the benefits of using modern information and communication technology to practitioners in the construction industry and to communicate this knowledge among all the stakeholders. Therefore, future implementations must be driven through strong leadership and a solid methodical approach to change the current practice.</p

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