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Tradeoff analysis for Dependable Real-Time Embedded Systems during the Early Design Phases

Abstract

Indlejrede systemer bliver stadig mere komplekse og har stramme, konkurrerende begrænsninger med hensyn til ydelse, pris, energiforbrug, pålidelighed, fleksibilitet, sikkerhed osv. Formålet med denne afhandling er at foreslå metoder og redskaber til at støtte en afvejningsanalyse af konkurrerende design mål i de tidlige design faser, som er karakteriseret af usikkerhed. Vi berører sikkerhedskritiske realtidsapplikationer modelleret som opgave grafer, der skal implementeres på distribuerede heterogene arkitekturer bestående af beregningsselementer (PE’er), sammenkoblet med en delt kommunikationskanal. Opgaver planlægges ved hjælp af fast prioritet afbrydende (preemptive) planlægning, og vi bruger ikke- afbrydende (non-preemptive) planlægning for meddelelser. Som et første skridt, vi tager fat på problemet med funktion-til-opgave nedbrydning. I denne sammenhæng har vi antaget, at applikationens funktionalitet er beskrevet ved et sæt af funktionelle blokke, med forskellige sikkerhedskrav. Vi foreslår en metaheuristik baseret på en genetisk algoritme til at løse problemet med funktion-til-opgave nedbrydningen. Vores algoritme afgører også fordelingen af opgaver til PE’en i en distribueret arkitektur og pålideligheden af de enkelte PE’er i arkitekturen, således at sikkerhedskravene er opfyldt, skedulerbarheden af realtids-applikationen er garanteret og de overordnede udviklings og produkt omkostninger minimeres. Dernæst undersøger vi afvejninger mellem ydeevne, energi og pålidelighed. Håndtering af energi og pålidelighed samtidig er særligt udfordrende, fordi at sænke spændingen til at reducere energiforbruget har vist sig at øge hyppigheden af midlertidige fejl. Vi er interesseret i at tolerere forbigående fejl og vi bruger opgave replikering til fejlhåndtering. Vi foreslår metoden “Tabu Searc” , som beslutter fordeling af opgaver til PE’er, samt processor spænding og frekvens niveauer for udførelse af hver enkelt opgave således at: forbigående fejl tolereres, realtids kriterier i applikationen er opfyldt og energiforbruget minimeres.I denne afhandling fokuserer vi på de tidlige design faser, hvor beslutninger har en stor indvirkning på de efterfølgende implementeringsvalg. Dog er de tidlige design faser karakteriseret ved et højt niveau af usikkerhed på grund af manglende information. F.eks. i de værst tænkelige eksekveringstider (WCET’er), i de funktionelle krav, eller i de hardware komponenten omkostninger. I denne sammenhæng, vi vælge de hardware komponenter til arkitektur og udleder en fordeling af opgaver i applikationen, således at den endelige implementeringen er både robust og fleksibel. Arkitekturen også har en høj chance for at få sin enhedsomkostninger inden omkostningerne budget. Robust betyder, at programmet har en høj chance for at være skedulerbar, taget WCET usikkerheder i betragtning, mens en fleksibel fordeling har en høj chance for succesfuldt at rumme fremtidige funktionelle ændringer. Vi foreslår en genetisk algoritme metodik til at løse dette optimeringsproblem. De foreslåede afvejnings-analyse metoder er blevet evalueret ved hjælp af flere syntetiske og real-life benchmarks.Embedded systems are becoming increasingly complex and have tight competing constraints in terms of performance, cost, energy consumption, dependability, flexibility, security, etc. The objective of this thesis is to propose design methods and tools for supporting the tradeoff analysis of competing design objectives during the early design phases, which are characterized by uncertainties. We consider safety-critical real-time applications modeled as task graphs, to be implemented on distributed heterogeneous architectures consisting of processing elements (PEs), interconnected by a shared communication channel. Tasks are scheduled using fixed-priority preemptive scheduling, and we use non-preemptive scheduling for messages.As a first step, we address the problem of function-to-task decomposition. In this context we have assumed that the application functionality is captured by a set of functional blocks, with different safety requirements. We propose a Genetic Algorithm-based metaheuristic to solve the function-to-task decomposition problem. Our algorithm also decides the mapping of tasks to the PEs of a distributed architecture and the reliability of each PE in the architecture, such that the safety and integrity constraints are satisfied, the schedulability of the real-time application is guaranteed and the overall development and product unit costs are minimized.Next, we investigate tradeoffs between performance, energy and reliability. Addressing energy and reliability simultaneously is especially challenging, since lowering the voltage to reduce the energy consumption has been shown to increase the transient fault rate. We are interested to tolerate transient faults and we use task replication for recovery. We propose a Tabu Search-based approach, which decides the mapping of tasks to processing elements, as well as the processor voltage and frequency levels for executing each task, such that transient faults are tolerated, the real-time constraints of the application are satisfied, and the energy consumed is minimized. In this thesis, we target the early design phases, when decisions have a high impact on the subsequent implementation choices. However, due to a lack of information, the early design phases are characterized by uncertainties, e.g., in the worst-case execution times (WCETs), in the functionality requirements, or in the hardware component costs. In this context, we select the hardware components for the architecture and derive a mapping of tasks in the application, such that the resulted implementation is both robust and flexible. The architecture also has a high chance to have its unit cost within the cost budget. Robust means that the application has a high chance of being schedulable, considering the WCET uncertainties, whereas a flexible mapping has a high chance to successfully accommodate future functionality changes. We propose a Genetic Algorithm-based approach to solve this optimization problem. The proposed tradeoff analysis methods have been evaluated using several synthetic and real-life benchmarks

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This paper was published in Online Research Database In Technology.

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