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Concerns about energy and sustainability are growing everyday involving a wide range
of fields. Even Information Systems (ISs) are being influenced by the issue of reducing
pollution and energy consumption and new fields are rising dealing with this topic. One
of these fields is Green Information Technology (IT), which deals with energy efficiency
with a focus on IT. Researchers have faced this problem according to several points of
view. The purpose of this paper is to understand the trends and the future development
of Green IT by analyzing the state-of-the-art and classifying existing approaches to
understand which are the components that have an impact on energy efficiency in ISs
and how this impact can be reduced. At first, we explore some guidelines that can help
to understand the efficiency level of an organization and of an IS. Then, we discuss
measurement and estimation of energy efficiency and identify which are the components
that mainly contribute to energy waste and how it is possible to improve energy efficiency,
both at the hardware and at the software level
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