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Microgravity exposure as well as chronic disuse are two main causes of
skeletal muscle atrophy in animals and humans. The antigravity calf soleus is
a reference postural muscle to investigate the mechanism of disuse-induced
maladaptation and plasticity of human and rodent (rats or mice) skeletal
musculature. Here, we report microgravity-induced global gene expression
changes in space-flown mouse skeletal muscle and the identification of yet
unknown disuse susceptible transcripts found in soleus (a mainly slow
phenotype) but not in extensor digitorum longus (a mainly fast phenotype
dorsiflexor as functional counterpart to soleus). Adult C57Bl/N6 male mice (n
= 5) flew aboard a biosatellite for 30 days on orbit (BION-M1 mission, 2013),
a sex and age-matched cohort were housed in standard vivarium cages (n = 5),
or in a replicate flight habitat as ground control (n = 5). Next to disuse
atrophy signs (reduced size and myofiber phenotype I to II type shift) as much
as 680 differentially expressed genes were found in the space-flown soleus,
and only 72 in extensor digitorum longus (only 24 genes in common) compared to
ground controls. Altered expression of gene transcripts matched key biological
processes (contractile machinery, calcium homeostasis, muscle development,
cell metabolism, inflammatory and oxidative stress response). Some transcripts
(Fzd9, Casq2, Kcnma1, Ppara, Myf6) were further validated by quantitative
real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Besides previous reports on other leg muscle types we
put forth for the first time a complete set of microgravity susceptible gene
transcripts in soleus of mice as promising new biomarkers or targets for
optimization of physical countermeasures and rehabilitation protocols to
overcome disuse atrophy conditions in different clinical settings,
rehabilitation and spaceflight
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