Training simulators for gastrointestinal endoscopy: current and future perspectives

Abstract

Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is the gold standard in the detection and treatment ofearly and advanced GI cancers. However, conventional endoscopic techniques are technicallydemanding and require visual-spatial skills and significant hands-on experience. GI endoscopysimulators represent a valid solution to allow doctors to practice in a pre-clinical scenario. From thefirst endoscopy mannequin, developed in 1969, several simulation platforms have been developed,ranging from purely mechanical systems to more complex mechatronic devices and animal-basedmodels. Considering the recent advancement of technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence, augmentedreality, robotics), simulation platforms can now reach high levels of realism, representing a valid andsmart alternative to standard trainee/mentor learning programs. This is particularly true nowadays,when the current demographic trend and the most recent pandemic demand, more than ever, theability to cope with many patients. This review offers a broad view of the technology available for GIendoscopy training, including platforms currently in the market and the relevant advancements inthis research and application field. Additionally, new training needs and new emerging technologiesare discussed to understand where medical education is heading.This work was supported by the ATLAS project. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 813782.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version